Rules of Engagement of Warfare - 808 Words

Warfare is a devastating quality of the human condition. Nowhere in nature do other species hunt and kill their fellow members for political reasons and at a mass scale. Attempts to systemize and standardize the rules and regulations of warfare are difficult if not impossible to appease every key player involve. The purpose of this essay is to examine the rules of engagement of warfare as a guiding principle that is subjective and not uniform throughout the system of war itself. This inconsistency will be discussed by presenting the Vietnam War through six different levels of perception located in the chain of command. This exercise will prove that each segment of the war fighting contingency has its own subjective reasons to follow rules of engagement. Individual Soldier The individual soldier that fought during the Vietnam War must be viewed in a unique perspective unlike todays circumstances. A great majority of the individual soldiers that saw combat in Vietnam were drafted and had no legal recourse to avoiding this duty. Rules to such a fight seen at this level were seen as temporary rule changes to normal life. Here the individual soldier must survive for one year in order to escape the hell of combat. This is a limited but understandable view of this situation. Enemy combatants were viewed almost as peers suffering through a temporary struggle much like their situation. Rules in this case are merely a means to an end, at the end state is survival and removal from aShow MoreRelatedHistory of Warfare and the Rules of Engagement714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Information Assignment Introduction Throughout the history of warfare the rules of engagement (ROE) were designed to control the actions of soldiers and focus them on achieving the larger objectives. In Vietnam, the ROE was utilized to constrain the activities of personnel in these areas. This because of continuing worries about the possibility of the war escalating into a larger conflict. To understand how this occurred requires examining the limited war strategy in conjunction with theRead MoreEssay on Hybrid Warfare or Asymmetric Warfare?1235 Words   |  5 PagesHybrid Warfare or Asymmetric Warfare? To have a discussion on hybrid warfare, we need to have a clear idea of what are the differences between conventional and hybrid warfare are. Conventional warfare is a nonnuclear conflict with rules of engagement formed by an agreement or compact. These rules for conventional warfare are spelled out by the Law of War and cover acceptable weapons, treatment of prisoners, torture, surrender, and much more. Unconventional is best described as guerilla and covertRead MoreThe European Colonization Of Africa1461 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean colonization of Africa, including economic and political motives, with the Berlin Conference serving as a catalyst. Africans resisted the European invasions of their lands, with the two main methods of opposition were guerilla warfare and direct military engagement. European influence on Africa still remains today, though these influences are generally negative and hurt Africa’s overall development. The imperatives of capitalist industrialization, including the call for guaranteed sources ofRead MoreHow Chris Kyle Was The Most Lethal Sniper During American History And For His Autobiography American Sniper1685 Words   |  7 Pagespossessed that gave him the vision to initiate a change to tactics for the USMC that prevented loss of life and started new training for Marines. I will also discuss his internal battle with the difference between ethical code, specifically the rules of engagement and his own personal values and beliefs. I will also reflect on what his example of leadership has done for me and why all of this has led me to believe that Chris Kyle was a visionary and ethical leader. Visionary Leader During the battleRead More Napoleon Bonaparte Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesEngland’s imperialistic rule in Africa. Napoleon and his army returned in the August of 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, finishing as a member of the Consulate, Frances new ruling triumvirate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Novel by Robert M. Epstein, his military background was identified and how he planned his attacks were broken down so that the average person could understand them. He was the individual who introduced the ideas of modern warfare to the global affairs. TheRead MoreThe War Has Been A Part Of Human History Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessarily should be a way to stop violence, but there are ways to have smarter warfare. It is easy to say that we must remain absolutist but the opposite is incredibly tactically beneficiary in the battlefield as the enemy has shown. Many don’t completely agree with the ill written essay of Elaine Scarry, but on a more humanitarian side, it’s possible to see where she is trying to come from. These rules of engagement should be in place to save the innocents that are dragged into the conflict unwillinglyRead MoreFrom Corsets and Crocheting to Kevlar and Combat: The Journey of a Female Soldier1728 Words   |  7 Pagesmil). The current engagements in the Middle East and the change from a traditional style of battle causes the issue of allowing women in combat arms branches to arise as some see their current situations as a direct violation of the policy. The issue revolves around whether women should be assimilated into US armed forces and have no different rank status than men and the current complications that are caused by women experiencing combat because of the changing style of warfare. The change wasRead MoreThe World Set Up By Homer754 Words   |  4 Pagesdescription provided by Homer evokes the awe-inspiring power yet beauty of battle. The paradoxical description of loveliness and danger conveyed within the imagery of fire and words such as â€Å"glisten† convey the enigma of warfare between attractiveness and threat. Upon the introduction to warfare, however, the emphasis shifts drastically as the heroic motif of control gives way to increasing desperation. Combatants on both sides â€Å"flew upon each other like wolves, man and man crushing one upon the other† (4Read MoreThe American Of The United States Army973 Words   |  4 PagesAs for the US Army, they had been given orders by which they had to abide which lacked defined rules of engagement. This meant that they had to complete the mission, and their superiors did not necessarily care if the natives were pleased or harmed with the outcomes. As far as they were concerned, there was land th at had not been claimed legally and they wanted it. This was a huge change for the natives from when they had met Lewis and Clark on their journey exploring the Louisiana Territory decadesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"LAWS have been described as the third revolution in warfare, after gunpowder and nuclear weapons.† For the scientific community to put autonomous systems on a pedestal next to the two revolutions in warfare should incite fear into the populace, as we are on the brink of the third revolution in warfare. It is due to this urgency that several guidelines are being discussed within the artificial intelligence community, as well as on the global warfare scale. One such proposed law comes with the Geneva

Poverty, Social Disorganization And Their Effects On Crime...

Assignment #1 Poverty, Social Disorganization and Their Effects on Crime Rates SOC1A06 Professor Sandra Colavecchia Joseph Murray 400016517 Tuesday, October 20th 2015Part B Article 1 Hannon, L. (2002). Criminal opportunity theory and the relationship between poverty and property crime. Sociological Spectrum, 22(3), 363-381. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170290062676 Hannon, Analyzes the level of poverty present in neighbourhoods in Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington and the rates of property crime in those areas. Hannon looks for any correlation between the data he is analyzing to determine if poverty does in fact have a strong positive effect on crime rates. Hannons findings show that there is a defined relationship between the variables, this relationship can be either positive or negative depending on the manipulation of variables. Should poverty worsen, crime rates would increase, however if the level of poverty in an already extremely poor neighbourhood were to be alleviated, you could see a marked decrease in crime rates. This would however not necessarily be the case when examining a community with low to moderate levels of poverty due to what is referred to as opportunity saturation, this means that although there is an increase in worthwhile targets, this does not increase the number of possible offenders, which will not simply offend more because they have a plethora of new targets, they will simply just offend at the same rate with greater ease.Show MoreRelatedThe Social Of Crime And Criminal Behavior882 Words   |  4 Pagesneighborhoods or environments have on crime has been observed and studied throughout the last two centu ries. Many theories, such as the social disintegration theory, have been hypothesized to explain the effects of certain neighborhoods on crime. In addition, other theories have been presented, such as the collective efficacy theory, which serve to explain the reasons for reduced crime in other neighborhoods while presenting possible solutions to solve the problem of crime in society. This paper willRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesintended to argue is that those individuals who live in poverty have a greater chance at committing crimes than those who do not. There are many possible factors and reasons as to why people who live in poverty can commit more crimes that those who do not and this essay will attempt to explain that. The independent variable for this argument would be the poverty that individuals have to endure and live through, while the dependent variables are crime rates in that neighborhood. Although various theoriesRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Urban Areas1557 Words   |  7 Pagesaimed to explain crime in urban communities using social disorganization theory. Elliot and Merrill (1934) define social disorganization as â€Å"a breakdown in the equilibrium of forces, a decay in the social structure, so that old habits and forms of social control no longer function effectively† (p.20). Using this definition and the ecological approach, Shaw and McKay argue that low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility led to the disruption of community social organization (ShawRead MoreCrime Rates Between Neighbourhoods With Low Poverty1711 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the crime inequality observed insides neighbourhoods; however, when it comes to explaining the difference in crime rates between neighbourhoods with similarly low levels of poverty, social disorganization theory is not able to fully explain why such difference may occur, as it places a greater focus on the internal dynamics of the neighbourhoods than on the external contingencies (Peterson Krivo, 2010, p. 92). Based on Table 4.5 of Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-SpatialRead MoreSocial Structure And The Occurrence Of Family Homicides1663 Words   |  7 Pages The Significance of Social Structure Theories in the Occurrence of Family Homicides. Colleen M. Mohsinger NCCU CRJU – 3000 WT1 SP’2015 In 2010, Chelsea Diem and Jesenia M. Pizarro set out to determine whether social structure had an influence on the occurrence of familial homicide in any significant fashion. They wanted to analyze the relationships between social disorganization, economic deficiency, and different types of family homicide. Diem and Pizarro (2010) stated in theirRead MoreFactors Contributing For Criminal Activity Among African Americans1587 Words   |  7 Pagesfor criminal activity among African Americans. Throughout his study, he observed that if men are moved from different environments, they began to lose harmony with the environment that results in crime (Shaun L. Gabbidon,2015). Dubois used variables such as age, unemployment, and poverty to explain crime (1899). Furthermore, Dubois study became a template to be used in studies that come to follow. During the 1900’s, cities such as Chicago began to experience some of the same challenges that wereRead MoreComparing Violent Crime Ra tes Between Corvallis, Oregon And Carbondale, Illinois1741 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When comparing violent crime rates between Corvallis, Oregon and Carbondale, Illinois, it’s important to look into what factors affect the big difference between the two. In comparing the two cities, I plan to use Social Disorganization Theory to explain why Carbondale, Illinois has higher violent crime rates than Corvallis, Oregon. Some of the factors I imagine contribute to the difference between the two are: poverty rate, average temperature, and level of homogeneity to name a fewRead MoreSocial And Social Learning Theory1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Learning Theory is best defined as crime is learned through associations with others who commit crimes. Juveniles are very impressionable or gullible, wherein they want to be popular or part of the in-crowd or clique. In comparison to the 1970’s versus today, juveniles are emulating criminals depicted on television not just through associations. Consider the current state of technology, specifically the internet and websites such as â€Å"You Tube.† With respect to crime and juvenile delinquentsRead MoreTheories Of Crime : Robbery1514 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Crime – Robbery Introduction Understanding patterns and motivation of crimes is important for solving the mysteries surrounding them. In this sense, theories can be used to explain crime phenomena and answer the questions involved. Through theory, important aspects surrounding a crime can be discovered. Therefore, understanding the patterns and motivations of crimes can be helpful towards preventing their occurrence. This paper focuses on robbery as a type of crime. The two theoriesRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory By Clifford Shaw And Henry D. Mckay1056 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Disorganization Social disorganization theory explains the ecological difference in levels of crime, simply based on cultural and structural factors that influence the social order in a given community. Social disorganization is triggered by poverty, social stability, ethnic heterogeneity, and a few key elements. Although Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay (1942), were known for social disorganization theory, in 1947 Edwin Sutherland introduced the notion of a ecological differences in crime

Strategic Integrated Market Communications â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Integrated Market Communications? Answer: Introduction The report describes the several tools used in marketing communications of Burger Hut. Burger Hut is a local chain of fast food restaurant which launch a new product in the market for their customers. Burger Hut presently provide burgers, spring rolls and snacks and now company launch new flavors of burgers which make their product more delicious and also offer nuggets, chicken whopper for their customers. Burger Hut initiates a new plan to offer their customers new flavors in burgers and wide variety for nuggets and a crispy fried whole chicken thigh topped with fresh vegetables and spicy sauce. The main objective of this report is to explain various communications tools that are necessary to introduce this new product in the market. The report also shows the environmental analysis by identifying the competitors in the market and environment awareness, the marketing communication objectives which are required to drive sales, marketing communication strategy and its implementation an d the evaluation methods for the effective communication tools used in launching a new product in the market by Burger Hut. PESTLE and SWOT analysis of Burger Hut The report describes the PESTLE and SWOT analysis of Burger Hut to identify the competitors in the market and create awareness among the customers about the product. PESTLE analysis: Burger Hut is a local chain of fast food restaurant that has run its business across the world. This food chain has its own challenges that have been faced by the owners of the organization as well as the team members which handle all the events of the company. In todays world, demand for fast food has been increased among the customers. Burger Hut needs to be very careful about many factors in launching this new product in the market. To follow these guidelines and the contemporary trends in the relevant food chain in the company has to do the pestle analysis that helps the company in comprehending the requirements and the current market movement. Political: The political aspects surround the policies and the laws of the government of the state in which the brand of Burger Hut operates. If the governments of the state are more concern related to growth of Burger's Hut outlets, there will be a large number of restaurants of Burger Hut. The growth of restaurants will extremely raise the employment opportunities for the local person over there and will also offer more enjoyment services at every phase to the local residents. So, the places which offer company policies give better options to the Burger Hut to run its business in a successful way. Economic: The overall economic system of the state in which the outlet of the Burger Hut is played an important role and has a direct impact on the company. The unemployment rating and the rise in inflation rate of the region of the business also influence the company in big terms. The states that are developed in the economic aspect are more sustainable to the success of the company. The foreign direct investment of a state will be there for Burger Hut. Social: As per Burger Hut, the social aspects that will affect the business are the demographic and the life expectancy of the local person in which the franchise of the Burger Hut is placed. Technological: The technological factors consist of latest technologies in the environment. For example, ordering burgers online, as these movements has directly affected the business of the organization like Burger Hut. Legal: The legal factors emphasize the following rules and regulations of the state in which food network is working. In order to sustain the new flavors of burgers, the owner and the team of the Burger Hut should maintain the quality and all the desired principles. Environmental: Environmental factors consist of hygiene factor and considering the movements to the environment like initiate a new method of recycling is the imperative aspects that should be considered for the food network like Burger Hut. Consumers of each region are now very much conscious about their health with the developing state of various health issues. SWOT analysis Strength Burger Hut is an internationally recognized brand name Large brand awareness Franchise differentiation Developed market share Large growth plan Weakness Company heavily concentrated in the United States Depend on franchise High-calorie food Depend on long-term consumers Not sufficient promotion Opportunity Development with new advancement Home delivery services with applications Healthier menus Update children menus Differentiation of services New chances in developing economies Decrease entrance cost Threat Changing consumer towards healthier food Promotion against fast food networks Extreme competition from another food network Rise in labor cost Currency fluctuation Marketing communication objective Marketing communication objective refers to the long-term goals where marketing campaign are intended to drive up the value of product brand over a period of time. The fundamental goal of advertising communication is to convey, contend and persuade and the essential goal of marketing communication is to pass on the idea to target audiences. The main marketing communication objectives of Burger Hut in launching a new product in the market are explained as follows: Number one choice for consumers According to Arnold Boggs (2015), Burger Hut makes efforts to become the primary choice for consumers who order new flavors of burgers and offer nuggets, chicken whopper digitally. This marketing communication objective depends on the consumer taste and preferences. The company should focus on the customer requirement keeping in mind the good quality, delivery services, and healthy food. The company should consider the people health in offering their products. The consumer only orders Burger Hut products only when they experience that company offers good quality, tasty food, and affordable price. By considering all these factors, Burger Hut should cater all these requirements in order to achieve their marketing communication objective. The company should adopt innovate and create promotional methods in order to make its products unique in customer mind. Order completion The marketing communication objective of Burger Hut is to have 75 of all burgers orders to be completed digitally. According to Beach (2014), the company encompasses the whole process of receiving an order and delivering it to a customer. For this purpose, the company should well-versed in operational e-commerce and encompasses various difficult steps throughout the supply chain that all play an important role in how consumers receive the product. The main three steps in the order completion are as follows: Organize stock: Retailers should have objective to work with providers in order to guarantee stock shipments land on time and are arranged by including definite and simple pressing and substance slips. According to Belch et al. (2014), in the event that the retailers get a considerable number of things composedly, it can set aside a long opportunity to stock and demand it legitimately which brings about making reinforcements when it comes time to checking and satisfying requests. Rethink use of space: Frequently reviews of continuous data from e-commerce business software can enable traders to identify if they can at present accomplish deals objectives with less stock, which cannot just lead a quicker turnaround for customers but edges for retailers (Blakeman, 2014). Packaging: According to Garvey (2014), retailers must perform general investigation of their packaging needs to recognize approaches to advance their transportation and a request satisfaction endeavors. Best Digital experience Digital transformation is not about enhancing customer experience, but it also about empowering operational efficiencies for the employees. According to Ginsburg et al. (2017), Burger Hut offers the best-advanced experience in the classification food of burgers. Using digital as a tool, Burger Hut is trailing a tablet framework in Singapore which enables customers to directly submit their requests from the table. The tablet mitigates an opportunity to arrange, liberating the servers to concentrate their consideration on different undertakings such as serving tables and attending to customer's needs. Burger Hut was maniacal about customer satisfaction. Company measure every attributes that makes a customer experience good. Market position According to Grunig (2017), Burger Hut tries to maintain the number position in the market by offering good quality, affordable prices, and healthy food to their customers. Business reformulating dinners for kids, giving sustenance information on menus, making enlightening ventures. Burger Hut identifies demand for more beneficial items and has responded to this requirement with new or modified items. The company also offer unique selling point of new flavors in Burgers in order to attract the customers. Marketing communication strategies and implementation tactics A viable marketing communication strategy will help Burger Hut to define the overall actions and objectives for the marketing. According to Hatziargyriou (2014), company strategy must be effective and innovative in order to deliver the products or services in such a manner that will satisfy the customers. The main marketing communication strategies that Burger Hut can use for the products enhancement are as follows: Content advertising drives mindshare Burger Hut can use content promoting tool as a communication strategy for launching a new product in the market. Content promoting consist many forms such as news, ebooks, videos, case studies, infographics, images and blogs to market their product in the customer's mind. According to Jensen (2013), the fundamental plan behind this marketing communication strategy is to give useful information to potential customers despite the fact that they will most likely be able to buy the item or contract benefits yet. Regular groups of customers explore most purchase online before taking a choice and by offering fun and instructive substance for them to utilize and appreciate, organization brand can upgrade ID and mindshare as a valuable of important information. Video application to operate involvement With the huge popularity of YouTube and other video sites is an excellent way to enhance leads and increase sales. Video puts a human face on organization picture and offerings. A few couple minute video can describe company products benefits to the customer. A video on company homepage or posted by means of web-based social networking has another basic segment which creates the awareness among the customers towards the products. Burger Hut can use this marketing communication strategy with the purpose to strike the correct harmony among watchers, producing a huge degree of profitability (Kasper Kellerman, 2014). On the other side, determine the tactical action steps which will modify strategy into a reality in company marketing plan, into a useful source of information for customers. There are also implementation tactics in marketing communications which Burger hut can use to achieve their business objective in a desirable manner. The main implementation tactics are explained as: Products and services The product which is delivered to customers by the company is an important part in creating a brand image in the customer point of view. According to Lawrie (2014), Burger Hut should consider the characteristics and advantages they offer to their customers, the unique selling point of Burger Hut in making their burgers more tasty and healthy and the good services offer to the consumers which enhance their customer base towards their product. Pricing of product Pricing is a basic factor of the advertising technique. Picking the right cost for the items or administration will enable the business to amplify the benefits and furthermore to set up solid associations with the consumers. Burger Hut should keep their prices affordable in order to invite the customers for their product. By pricing effectively, the company can also reduce the serious financial problems that can happen if the price of the product is too low because of not having sufficient profit and too high because of not having sufficient sales (McQuail Windahl,2015). Position in marketplace Place means the different channels and areas for appropriating organization item, related data, and support administrations. According to Mymoneycoach (2017), his strategy of advertising communication will position organization item in the market that is where an item can purchase. Burger Hut can use various distribution channels by including any physical store (supermarket) as well as virtual stores (online). Evaluation and control methods There are various methods available for evaluating and controlling the marketing performance such as: Advertising According to Percy (2014), it is considered to be one of the best evaluation component used in both B2C and B2B markets. The impacts of promoting are planned to be long term, yet something is going in the short run and along these lines, it can be measured. In the scholarly stage, promoting gives information and can be assessed in view of studies, play-back examinations, brand awareness overviews and helped survey. The powerful estimations publicizing is planned to change perspectives and states of mind, subsequently, appraising scales, picture estimations, rank request for brands and projective strategies are the strategy to assess the marketing communication tools of Burger Hut product. Public relations According to Richards Schmidt (2014), the marketing public relations had risen as a different idea where public relations tend to market important exercises and it must be ignored in the communication. In some cases, it achieves the outcomes that could not be proficient through various means. One of the essential methods for following the adequacy of advertising is media observing and assembling new articles in the social clippings book. There are three classifications of estimation to be specific measures of genuine exercises embraced and measures of gathering of people conduct. The upside of utilizing online networking for advertising was the inclusion with groups of onlookers of partners, and in this way moving advertising estimation from customary yield estimation to more proof results and affirmation of results and a business results and estimation of engagement. Sales promotion Sales promotion include a scope of exercise and instruments, for example, coupons, refunds, rebates, appears, difficulties, prizes and more to the correspondence blend, and in this manner, can target crowds superior to conventional types of promoting. According to Thorson Moore, (2013), it is possible and vital to do pre-testing, post-testing, and following of offers advancement. Quantitative measures can be gotten finding out coupon restore, the take-up rate of particular offers, deals increment in esteem and volume can be directed to break down client viewpoints on exercises attempted. Evaluating diverse exercises, for example, the purpose of offer will not be simple as the result of extra immediate and aberrant factors that influence deals of Burger Hut. Conclusion From this report, it has been concluded that marketing communications are a multilevel build up that requires a strong blend of each one of its activities remembering the true objective to achieve the best results. This report explains the PESTLE and SWOT analysis of Burger Hut in order to identify the competitors in the market and create the brand awareness for the Burger Hut product. The report also explains various marketing communication strategies for Burger Hut new product introduce in the market and its implementation tactics for increasing customer base and retain consumers for the long term. An extensive outline of the promoting correspondence adds to the cognizance of estimation development and most basic patterns in each of components. The report mentions the marketing objectives of Burger Hut and the evaluation methods for controlling the marketing communication effectiveness of the company. The marketing communication helps Burger Hut to achieve its business objective in a suitable manner and to run their business keeping in mind the customer requirements. MarketingCommunications is basic for all organizations to speak with the included partners. These partners incorporate the legislature, the merchants, the retailers, and the customers in a specific region. Promoting interchanges allude to administration methods that involve co-operations with unmistakable gatherings of people from different foundation. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Beach, L. R. (2014).Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Belch, G. E., Belch, M. A., Kerr, G. F., Powell, I. (2014).Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R. (2014).Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Garvey, W. D. (2014).Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Ginsburg, K. R., Kinsman, S. B., American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017).Reaching Teens Strength-Based Communication Strategies To Build Resilience and Support Healthy Adolescent Development. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management.Routledge. Hatziargyriou, N. (Ed.). (2014).Microgrids: architectures and control. Wiley/IEEE Press. Jensen, K. B. (Ed.). (2013).A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Routledge. Kasper, G., Kellerman, E. (2014).Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Routledge. Lawrie, A. (2014). An exploration of perceptions of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies on intercultural group interactions and how they impact on learning and teaching in higher education.Internationalisation and the Student Experience, 14. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015).Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Mymoneycoach. (2017). What is budgeting? What is budget.Retrieved from: https://www.mymoneycoach.ca/budgeting/what-is-a-budget-planning-forecasting. Percy, L. (2014).Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Richards, J. C., Schmidt, R. W. (2014).Language and communication.Routledge. Thorson, E., Moore, J. (Eds.). (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

Korean Pottery Essays - Visual Arts, Pottery, Korean Pottery, Matter

Korean Pottery From 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, the mankind started to make earthenware and use them. In Korea, they have used earthenware from 7~8,000years ago-the New Stone Age. As time went by, glazes were sometimes employed. The firing temperature varied between 500 and 1,100 degrees. Earthenware was used in Korea until the early Koryo dynasty (10-11th centuries). Earthenware and bronze developed in parallel through the prehistoric age, and then the periods known in Korea as Silla and Kaya (from 57 BC until the 10th century), and Koryo (10-14th centuries). The earthenware pottery of Silla and Kaya is particularly noted for its formal qualities. The earthenware was used for utilitarian vessels, which were sometimes modelled into the shape of people, houses, and animals. Among the various pieces surviving from this period, we can find vessels expressing vividly the characteristic spirit of the Korean people, a spirit that has remained alive through the centuries until the present day. The facial e xpressions are comically exaggerated, we find amusing caricatures, as well as bold sexual features suggesting use in fertility rites, a variety of concise artistic details indicating a rich imagination. Through such works the image of our ancestors of centuries past has been transmitted to us today. In 9th century Silla(Korea's earliestdynasty), they have had great opportunity to trade with China and accepted manufacturing technology of Celadon. In China, jade signifies the true gentleman, wealth and honor. Therefore jade was popular for use in objects enclosed in tombs. The ruling classes were eager to possess jade, but it was too little for their needs, and very expensive. Therefore artisans tried to create jade from clay, and the result was the pottery known in the West as Celadon. In Korea, Chinese celadon pottery has been found in tombs dating from the 4-6th centuries, suggesting that the royal family of the period imported celadon from China as a substitute for jade. In 9th century China, the practice of Zen Buddhism spread among the powerful families, who considered that drinking tea helped clear the mind while sitting in meditation. Celadon was used to make the tea cups, and this seems to be the first time that it was employed for vessels in ordinary use. The cup used for drinking tea was highly valued, some were worth more than gold. Zen Buddhism entered Korea toward the end of the Unified Silla Dynasty, in the 8th century. Monks returning from China brought Chinese tea-cups to Korea. When the Koryo Dynasty came, Koreans began to manufacture their own celadon vessels, beginning in the later 10th century. Research was undertaken in order to make even better celadon, using the best clays. Originally, celadon was dark in color, varying between brown and dark green, the works were plain, restrained, unadorned. In the early 12th century, decorated celadon wares began to appear. At that time, the Buddhist visions of Paradise were immensely popular and the pottery of later Koryo times expressed the people's longing for a symbolic world of Eternity, through such symbols as clouds and cranes, or the lotus flower so central to the world of Zen Buddhism, as well as willows, and ducks playing in water. In a similar spirit, wild chrysanthemums express calmness and solitude. When these symbols took form on the surface of delicate green jars and bowls, the result was some of the most beautiful pottery in the world. The disappeared from the end of Koryo dynasty. In the course of from celadon to white ware, there was the stoneware pottery known as PunChong.? Painting makes ?Punch'ong? in a white slip over a grayish-green glaze. It is unique to Korea. In the 14th century Buddhism, with its otherworldly focus on the life to come, gave way to the practical this-worldly teachings of Confucianism. The old celadon wares lost favor, since there was a strong desire for novelty in a new religious atmosphere. As society changed, pottery also changed and grew plainer, better adapted for use in practical life; at the same time, the patterns grew freer. Techniques of expression were simplified and pottery was produced in large quantities. The forms of pottery became more popular and the result was punch'ong ware. With its often humorous and entertaining images and its free, unrestrained forms, Punch'ong