Evaluation to population genetics data Assignment

Evaluation to population genetics data - Assignment Example The genetic variants identified accounted for small part of heritability. The genome wide association of the wider sample was used to determine the remaining data set. The small part of the unrelated gene shows the proportion of the total variance in the polymorphism. Allele frequency was calculated by power stats v 12 application. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed using the Chi square x2. Significance level was 0.05 in all the 15 Loci. The sampled population was compared to Turkey, Iraq Iranian, Pakistan and Russian populations. The Fst values were calculated and Bonferroni correction test done in order to confirm the significant differences in the analysis. The estimated haplotypes frequencies from the data show there is 56 haplotypes and estimated 107 with no missing genotypes. The estimated result show haplotype frequencies are identical. Implementation of Stephen Al’s Bayesian method is used since the haplotype frequencies is not to be included in the reporting phase.(Czarny 2005). The analyzed genotype showed that data sets with 200 subjects and 132 STRs contained in one gene. Allelic diversity which provides unbiased estimates of the expected heterozygote frequency was computed. The genotype data was used to estimate the power of discrimination (Pakstis&Castiglione 1997).Allele frequencies distribution for 15 PCR based Loci D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSFIPO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S137, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA) for a sample of 200 unrelated individuals as it shows in the table below. The observed allele frequencies and statistical parameters based on the 15STR as summarized in the above table show allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0021 to 0.4077 with number of alleles ranging from 6 (THO1, TPOX and D5S818) to 17 (D21S11, D18S51 and FGA). The 15 STR are highly polymorphic. The new allele is underlined while most common alleles are indicated

The Current and Future Uses of Tidal Power in North America Essay

The Current and Future Uses of Tidal Power in North America - Essay Example Other records documents that Tidal power originated from Europe and Atlantic coast of North American where tide mills were used to produce electricity. The flowing water was stored in massive ponds and the movement of tides turned the waterwheels, which utilized mechanical energy generated to for grain milling. The earliest tide mills occurred during the Middle ages and during the Roman times and in the 19th century, the process of utilizing running water and turbine spinning for electricity production was introduced in America and Europe, (Hardisty 52). During this period, the tidal mills were primarily utilized to grand grains and had similar designs with the conventional water mills except the fact that they did not use reservoirs and dams. Similarly, the industrial revolution accelerated power demands and tidal energy could not meet the demand; therefore, the development of cheap fossil fuels and other power production means that provided access to generation of power replaced ti dal power. Therefore, the existing Tidal mills and other pre-industrial water mills lost their value as power production means. ... Secondly, tidal energy can be exploited through turbines sinking to the floor of the sea whereby fast-moving water currents turn blades of the generator as wind does to wind turbines. Tidal power is renewable energy as the tides movement is on a predictable routine schedule based on the Sun, Moon, and Earth’s orbit and cannot be exhaustible. Even though, tidal power is free of carbon, it is not environmental secure because concerns over the shoreline health and aquatic environment ruins the clean power source – older technology of tidal barrage can destroy aquatic life populations. Traditionally, massive systems of barrage prevailed in the of tidal energy project. However, because of high evident unhealthy environmental and economic challenges with the tidal power technology, investigations into the tidal power field had a shift from systems of barrage to tidal turbines current in the recent years. This modern technology has fewer environmental challenges than the tidal barrages because the turbines on the offshore water current cuts the necessity of building water reservoirs for capturing tides along environmental delicate coastlines. Although, harnessing tidally drive currents of the coastal waters cannot product as much power as the barrage style equipments, the technology still has some hope for the North Americans. This is because the technology is rapidly developing and growing with various test projects developing all over the world. For instance, the technology is evolving in various nations such as Canada, France, Europe, and the entire United States. North America now owns and operates its own Annapolis tidal energy project that provides energy for various purposes. For instance, power from the tidal